Univariate Linear Regression in Python
Introduction
Does x predict y?This is the basic question that linear regression aims to answer, or at least give a hint about. Technically speaking, linear regression is a way of establishing if two variables are related.
In this post we need to be familiar with the idea of both dependent and independent variables. Generally, the dependent variable or "y" is the variable that we are measuring (it can help also to frame this as the outcome). The independent variable or "x" is the variable that is modified or changed. If these two variables are at all correlated, a change in the independent variable should result in a somewhat reliable change in the dependent variable.
For example, lets say we are interested in how rainfall effects umbrella usage, we could hypothesize that the more it rains, the more likely people are to use an umbrella. In this case our independent variable is rainfall lets quantify that as mm per day. Our dependent variable is umbrella usage and we can choose to quantify this as number of umbrellas seen per day on some particular street. It seems obvious that people would be much more likely to use an umbrella when it is raining, but lets say you actually ran this study for a month and eventually you came up with some data and plotted it on a scatterplot like so:
As you can clearly see, more rain generally equals more umbrellas. We could easily state that a correlation exists between rainfall and umbrella usage.
If an increase in the independent variable leads to an increase in the dependent variable, it is called a positive correlation. If an increase in the independent variable leads to a decrease in the dependent variable it is called a negative correlation.
This is all fine and dandy when dealing with two variables that are so obviously related. However, when dealing with larger, less clearly related data, researchers needed a way to quantify this relationship, and objectively test if two variables are truly correlated. That is why many techniques including linear regression were developed.
Rather than writing at length about the specific details of how linear regression works, something that has been explained on countless other websites, I would encourage you to read about it somewhere online, say here and then return to the tutorial once you have a solid understanding.
Writing Code
To begin, we will need some example data to work with. Ive chosen the cricket chirps vs degrees Fahrenheit from this lovely website. All I have done is download the excel spreadsheet version and saved it as a .csv file with the name cricket_data.csv and made the headings a tad more informative. You can download the sample data hereIt is generally a good idea when working with any new dataset to first visualize it. This could easily be done in excel, but lets instead do it in Python.
Result:
It certainly looks like there is a positive correlation between these two variables, so lets import sk-learn and try to quantify this relationship with linear regression.
After running the above code it reported an R^2 score of 0.69 . Pretty good considering the scale of the data. You can read more about R^2 or the coefficient of determination here.
Getting More Information
We could easily stop here, but for completeness-sake lets gather some more information about the regression.
Coefficient
Getting the coefficient is simple but a little bit hidden in the way sklearn implements linear regression:
Line of Best-Fit
If we want to plot the line of best fit we will need two values, the coefficient and the intercept:
Result:
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
We will calculate the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and the p-value (odds of obtaining this result by chance) in Scipy as sklearn does not support it.
Conclusion
In this blog post we learned the basics of single-variable regression. Much of this translates closely to multivariate regression which I will post about if their is significant interest.
Thanks for one marvelous posting! I enjoyed reading it; you are a great author. I will make sure to bookmark your blog and may come back someday. I want to encourage that you continue your great posts, have a nice weekend!
ReplyDeleteData Science Training in Bangalore
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has propelled more programming architects, information scientists, and different experts to investigate the plausibility of a vocation in machine learning. Notwithstanding, a few newcomers will in general spotlight a lot on hypothesis and insufficient on commonsense application. machine learning projects for final year In case you will succeed, you have to begin building machine learning projects in the near future.
DeleteProjects assist you with improving your applied ML skills rapidly while allowing you to investigate an intriguing point. Furthermore, you can include projects into your portfolio, making it simpler to get a vocation, discover cool profession openings, and Final Year Project Centers in Chennai even arrange a more significant compensation.
Data analytics is the study of dissecting crude data so as to make decisions about that data. Data analytics advances and procedures are generally utilized in business ventures to empower associations to settle on progressively Python Training in Chennai educated business choices. In the present worldwide commercial center, it isn't sufficient to assemble data and do the math; you should realize how to apply that data to genuine situations such that will affect conduct. In the program you will initially gain proficiency with the specialized skills, including R and Python dialects most usually utilized in data analytics programming and usage; Python Training in Chennai at that point center around the commonsense application, in view of genuine business issues in a scope of industry segments, for example, wellbeing, promoting and account.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteHi, thank you very much for new information, i learned something new. Very well written.It was so good to read and usefull to improve knowledge.Keep posting. If you are looking for any big data hadoop related information please visit our website.
ReplyDeletebig data hadoop training in bangalore.
Nice blog,I understood the topic very clearly,And want to study more like this.
ReplyDeleteData Scientist Course
Cool stuff you have and you keep overhaul every one of us
ReplyDeletedata science course
This is the exact information I am been searching for, Thanks for sharing the required infos with the clear update and required points. To appreciate this I like to share some useful information regarding Microsoft Azure which is latest and newest,
ReplyDeleteData Science Training In Chennai
Data Science Online Training In Chennai
Data Science Training In Bangalore
Data Science Training In Hyderabad
Data Science Training In Coimbatore
Data Science Training
Data Science Online Training
Amazing Article ! I would like to thank you for the efforts you had made for writing this awesome article. This article inspired me to read more. keep it up.
ReplyDeleteSimple Linear Regression
Correlation vs covariance
data science interview questions
KNN Algorithm
It is amazing and wonderful to visit your site.Thanks for sharing this information,this is useful to me...data science courses
ReplyDeleteNice Article...Very interesting to read this article. I have learned some new information.thanks for sharing.
ReplyDeleteData Science Training in Hyderabad
Data Science course in Hyderabad
Data Science coaching in Hyderabad
Data Science Training institute in Hyderabad
Data Science institute in Hyderabad
Very nice blogs!!! i have to learning for lot of information for this sites…Sharing for wonderful information.Thanks for sharing this valuable information to our vision. You have posted a trust worthy blog keep sharing, data scientist courses
ReplyDeleteAttend The Data Analyst Course From ExcelR. Practical Data Analyst Course Sessions With Assured Placement Support From Experienced Faculty. ExcelR Offers The Data Analyst Course.
ReplyDeleteData Analyst Course
The candidates must have a good command of mathematics and statistics to comprehend huge figures. data science course in india
ReplyDeleteI am reading your post from the beginning, it was so interesting to read & I feel thanks to you for posting such a good blog, keep updates regularly.I want to share about data science courses in malaysia
ReplyDeleteWow, amazing post! Really engaging, thank you.
ReplyDeletedata science course in delhi ncr
This is a splendid website! I"m extremely content with the remarks!.
ReplyDeletedata scientist training and placement in hyderabad
Thanks for posting the best information and the blog is very important.data science interview questions and answers
ReplyDeleteExtraordinary blog filled with an amazing content which no one has touched this subject before. Thanking the blogger for all the terrific efforts put in to develop such an awesome content. Expecting to deliver similar content further too and keep sharing as always.
ReplyDeleteData Science Training
no deposit bonus forex 2021 - takipçi satın al - takipçi satın al - takipçi satın al - takipcialdim.com/tiktok-takipci-satin-al/ - instagram beğeni satın al - instagram beğeni satın al - google haritalara yer ekleme - btcturk - tiktok izlenme satın al - sms onay - youtube izlenme satın al - google haritalara yer ekleme - no deposit bonus forex 2021 - tiktok jeton hilesi - tiktok beğeni satın al - binance - takipçi satın al - uc satın al - finanspedia.com - sms onay - sms onay - tiktok takipçi satın al - tiktok beğeni satın al - twitter takipçi satın al - trend topic satın al - youtube abone satın al - instagram beğeni satın al - tiktok beğeni satın al - twitter takipçi satın al - trend topic satın al - youtube abone satın al - instagram beğeni satın al - tiktok takipçi satın al - tiktok beğeni satın al - twitter takipçi satın al - trend topic satın al - youtube abone satın al - instagram beğeni satın al - perde modelleri - instagram takipçi satın al - instagram takipçi satın al - cami avizesi - marsbahis
ReplyDeleteinstagram takipçi satın al
ReplyDeleteinstagram takipçi satın al
takipçi satın al
takipçi satın al
instagram takipçi satın al
takipçi satın al
instagram takipçi satın al
aşk kitapları
tiktok takipçi satın al
instagram beğeni satın al
youtube abone satın al
twitter takipçi satın al
tiktok beğeni satın al
tiktok izlenme satın al
twitter takipçi satın al
tiktok takipçi satın al
youtube abone satın al
tiktok beğeni satın al
instagram beğeni satın al
trend topic satın al
trend topic satın al
youtube abone satın al
beğeni satın al
tiktok izlenme satın al
sms onay
youtube izlenme satın al
tiktok beğeni satın al
sms onay
sms onay
perde modelleri
instagram takipçi satın al
takipçi satın al
tiktok jeton hilesi
pubg uc satın al
sultanbet
marsbahis
betboo
betboo
betboo
Thanks for posting the best information and the blog is very good.digital marketing institute in hyderabad
ReplyDeleteThanks for posting the best information and the blog is very good.artificial intelligence course in hyderabad
ReplyDeleteExtremely overall quite fascinating post. I was searching for this sort of data and delighted in perusing this one. Continue posting. A debt of gratitude is in order for sharing. cloud computing course in bangalore
ReplyDeleteHi Thanks for Sharing this Valuable Information with us: this is very useful for me. Keep it Up.
ReplyDeleteai course in aurangabad
I would like to thank you for the efforts you had made for writing this information. This article inspired me to read more. keep it up.
ReplyDeleteData science course in pune
I feel extremely appreciative that I read this. It is extremely useful and exceptionally enlightening and I truly took in a ton from it.
ReplyDeletebusiness analytics course in hyderabad
I want to leave a little comment to support and wish you the best of luck.we wish you the best of luck in all your blogging enedevors
ReplyDeletedata science course in thiruvananthapuram
seo fiyatları
ReplyDeletesaç ekimi
dedektör
instagram takipçi satın al
ankara evden eve nakliyat
fantezi iç giyim
sosyal medya yönetimi
mobil ödeme bozdurma
kripto para nasıl alınır
I want to leave a little comment to support and wish you the best of luck.we wish you the best of luck in all your blogging enedevors
ReplyDeletedata science training in varanasi
Well, this got me thinking what other workouts are good for those of us who find ourselves on the road or have limited equipment options. data science training in kanpur
ReplyDeletemmorpg oyunlar
ReplyDeleteinstagram takipçi satın al
tiktok jeton hilesi
Tiktok Jeton Hilesi
antalya saç ekimi
referans kimliği nedir
İnstagram Takipçi Satın Al
metin2 pvp serverlar
instagram takipçi satın al
perde modelleri
ReplyDeletemobil onay
Mobil odeme bozdurma
nft nasıl alınır
Ankara evden eve nakliyat
Trafik Sigortasi
dedektör
https://kurma.website/
aşk kitapları